WEBVTT 00:00:10.427 --> 00:00:18.727 My name was Maria Bobbish before I got married and when I did my name changed to Scipio. 00:00:18.727 --> 00:00:26.109 I was born on the island of Fort George but I was raised out on the land. 00:00:26.901 --> 00:00:39.789 I have great respect for the sealskin because this was the only kind of footwear we had 00:00:39.789 --> 00:00:47.630 and I think it’s important for the young to know how useful it was. 00:00:48.214 --> 00:00:50.717 When we were young, 00:00:52.469 --> 00:00:58.183 it was the only thing we wore on our feet because our father used to hunt and harvest them all the time. 00:00:59.976 --> 00:01:04.647 When I got married, my husband used to kill many seals 00:01:05.523 --> 00:01:07.817 after my father taught him how to do it. 00:01:08.985 --> 00:01:18.787 Sealskin was the only material we wore to keep us warm in winter. 00:01:19.496 --> 00:01:27.128 These are boys mukluks, 00:01:28.129 --> 00:01:32.550 as you can see the fur is sewn with the grain going downward 00:01:32.550 --> 00:01:42.268 but with the girls mukluks, the fur is sewn with the grain going sideways on the leg part. 00:01:43.186 --> 00:01:47.857 These mukluks can be smaller, because these kind of boots 00:01:49.025 --> 00:01:55.990 were the first footwear a child would wear and would continue to wear as they got older. 00:01:56.616 --> 00:02:03.665 We spent a lot of time sewing these kind of boots for our children. 00:02:06.334 --> 00:02:15.635 These types of boots are worn when going out in the canoe. 00:02:17.011 --> 00:02:21.850 These are used when going out on the water 00:02:21.850 --> 00:02:31.526 and these boots are made of sealskin with the fur shaved off. 00:02:33.027 --> 00:02:36.698 All this work was done by a Cree woman. 00:02:36.698 --> 00:02:40.743 One could never do all this work in a day. 00:02:41.119 --> 00:02:45.915 The first thing is to prepare the skin depending on what you want to make. 00:02:45.915 --> 00:02:50.253 This part of the boot takes the skin a long time to soften. 00:02:51.171 --> 00:02:59.220 It has to soften during the night and the next day this part is gathered 00:02:59.220 --> 00:03:02.265 but the legging can be done before this. 00:03:02.265 --> 00:03:12.025 After this part is done, which has been sewn on the inside, it is hung to dry. 00:03:12.025 --> 00:03:19.574 Before the boots get completely dry, they are turned right-side out. 00:03:21.534 --> 00:03:31.252 These boots are waterproof when worn wading out in the water and your feet stay dry. 00:03:32.212 --> 00:03:36.633 They were worn only when going out in the canoe. 00:03:39.886 --> 00:03:46.226 These are women’s mukluks, 00:03:46.226 --> 00:03:51.314 they are called ‘pimitiwaahtinh’ because the grain of the fur is sewn sideways on the leg part, 00:03:51.314 --> 00:03:55.902 whereas with the men’s mukluks, the grain goes downward on the led part. 00:03:55.902 --> 00:03:59.155 Again, in order to work with the foot of the boot, 00:03:59.155 --> 00:04:11.376 the skin has to be in covered with something damp to make it soft enough to sew. 00:04:11.376 --> 00:04:25.306 When out on the land, damp sphagnum moss is used on the dark side of the skin. 00:04:26.224 --> 00:04:35.441 Now we use damp towels because the moss is not easily accessible here. 00:04:36.317 --> 00:04:41.823 So the sewing of the foot area is done the next day when the skin is soft enough to work with. 00:04:42.365 --> 00:04:47.704 The upper section can be sewn at any time. 00:04:47.704 --> 00:04:55.420 The fatty part next to the skin is all scraped off after the skin is completely dry. 00:04:55.420 --> 00:05:01.426 The skin is put on a small pole to scrape the fatty part, 00:05:01.426 --> 00:05:06.472 which is the same process used to scrape off the hair of a moosehide. 00:05:07.890 --> 00:05:12.437 The soles of the boots look like this before they can be worked with. 00:05:12.437 --> 00:05:21.654 The top black part is gently scraped off, making sure you keep the rest of the black part 00:05:21.654 --> 00:05:27.452 and then they can be dampened to soften them. 00:05:28.703 --> 00:05:33.249 This how these are done, the child boots. 00:05:33.249 --> 00:05:37.920 These are for the men or women boots. 00:05:37.920 --> 00:05:40.423 These are the men’s 00:05:42.717 --> 00:05:57.774 and the top black part is scraped off gently with an ulu, it makes this part of the process easy. 00:05:57.774 --> 00:06:05.865 We used to chew the skin to soften the soles but now we use a hammer. 00:06:05.865 --> 00:06:13.456 We hammer the sole bit by bit and then soften it with something damp. 00:06:14.540 --> 00:06:20.880 The sole is cut into the size and shape desired. 00:06:23.716 --> 00:06:28.346 I don’t know how this person did this part to make the skin so light 00:06:28.346 --> 00:06:30.431 because these were given to me. 00:06:31.849 --> 00:06:35.937 Do you think the fatty part is still on? 00:06:36.729 --> 00:06:37.605 No. 00:06:38.022 --> 00:06:40.191 It looks like the fatty part ‘utimiskii’ has been scraped off. 00:06:40.775 --> 00:06:43.194 The ‘utimiskii’ looks like this. 00:06:44.112 --> 00:06:47.907 Someone gave these soles to me. These are the ones I had. 00:06:48.616 --> 00:06:51.828 It looks like the person had scraped off the fatty layer but I don’t know what the person used. 00:06:52.286 --> 00:06:54.747 Maybe this person got it from the Inuit up north. 00:06:54.747 --> 00:06:55.873 When the scraping is done, 00:06:55.873 --> 00:07:01.295 one was careful not to take off all the black part right down to the light part of the skin. 00:07:01.295 --> 00:07:05.425 The black part is the part of the skin that is waterproof. 00:07:05.425 --> 00:07:10.179 Only the very top part is scraped off gently. 00:07:11.889 --> 00:07:17.603 This part of the sole is where you place the damp moss or towel 00:07:17.603 --> 00:07:23.693 to make them soft enough to sew. 00:07:23.693 --> 00:07:33.286 After putting the damp moss or towel, it is then weighed down with something. 00:07:33.286 --> 00:07:49.844 The next strip of skin is thinner and is used to sew the foot part of the boot to the legging. 00:07:50.511 --> 00:07:56.601 As for the soles, I saw my mother cut the soles carefully 00:07:56.601 --> 00:08:04.609 into the shape and size she wanted the foot part to be before she sewed them. 00:08:07.361 --> 00:08:13.784 This was the only of footwear we wore while out on the land 00:08:13.784 --> 00:08:19.290 and it was the same kind of footwear our own children wore. 00:08:21.000 --> 00:08:25.379 It was not an easy task to make a pair of boots like this. 00:08:25.588 --> 00:08:30.301 Today the sewing thread used is from the sinew of caribou, 00:08:30.301 --> 00:08:39.435 and not usually from seal, because only certain pecies of seals have this sinew used for sewing. 00:08:39.435 --> 00:08:41.521 This sinew is from the back muscles of the animal 00:08:41.521 --> 00:08:45.149 and woman always kept this part for sewing skins for clothing and footwear 00:08:45.149 --> 00:08:48.945 because it made a very strong thread. 00:08:49.445 --> 00:08:57.119 The sinew was used to sew these parts of the boot and for the inside, 00:08:57.119 --> 00:09:03.125 to shape the heel, thick cotton thread was used. 00:09:03.125 --> 00:09:05.920 This thread is bought from the store 00:09:05.920 --> 00:09:14.011 and my mother used to use four strands of this thread to shape the heel. 00:09:14.303 --> 00:09:22.728 A large glovers’ needle is used and the thread is passed between two layers of the skin 00:09:24.230 --> 00:09:30.236 and every so often the thread is tied into a knot to hold the shape and then continued on. 00:09:30.236 --> 00:09:33.573 This is done in several tiers to shape the heel of the foot part. 00:09:33.573 --> 00:09:36.409 You can see clearly how this was done. 00:09:38.369 --> 00:09:45.501 When making the heel, the thread had to be pulled at a tension 00:09:46.127 --> 00:09:51.632 to make the heel shape evenly at each level or line of the thread. 00:09:51.632 --> 00:09:57.471 This is what my mother used to do and we do the same, too. 00:09:57.471 --> 00:10:07.023 The shaping of the heel all the way down to the sole of the boot is reached. 00:10:07.315 --> 00:10:13.321 Four strands are used to shape the heel so the thread doesn’t break. 00:10:13.321 --> 00:10:15.865 These are so soft so I think I can wear them right away. 00:10:16.240 --> 00:10:18.909 I thought they were dried hard. 00:10:18.909 --> 00:10:26.584 If you want to keep them safe in the summer, it’s good to keep them in the freezer 00:10:26.584 --> 00:10:34.050 and also to keep insects from destroying them. 00:10:34.342 --> 00:10:40.097 They also scrape off the back part of the sealskin, making holes in the boots. 00:10:41.140 --> 00:10:45.978 We always keep our sealskin footwear in the freezer. 00:10:46.520 --> 00:10:53.361 The sealskin that is tanned and prepared in the south is not bothered by insects. 00:10:53.361 --> 00:11:01.744 I guess it’s because of the chemicals that are used to tan the skin. 00:11:02.870 --> 00:11:14.048 As for these prepared locally, the insects gnaw off the black part and is no longer waterproof. 00:11:14.799 --> 00:11:17.593 This is the reason why the women made sure they were stored in a good place. 00:11:17.593 --> 00:11:20.262 We had so much respect for boots like these. 00:11:20.763 --> 00:11:24.934 While we still lived out on the land and used dogteams, 00:11:24.934 --> 00:11:29.146 the dogs use to love eating these boots made out of sealskin. 00:11:29.146 --> 00:11:32.900 This happened especially when the weather was bad, 00:11:32.900 --> 00:11:40.866 the dogs tried hard to get into the tents to get something to eat 00:11:40.866 --> 00:11:45.538 and they got a whiff of the smell of sealskin. 00:11:45.538 --> 00:11:54.296 Next thing you know, the dogs had taken off with the boots when people got up in the morning. 00:11:54.296 --> 00:11:57.842 One time we went out in the bay and when I got into the canoe 00:11:57.842 --> 00:12:04.515 I took out my boots and put them on so I wouldn’t get cold. 00:12:05.141 --> 00:12:09.812 We had our dogs with us and when we stopped for the night, the weather was getting bad, 00:12:09.812 --> 00:12:15.276 and the dogs were making a great effort to come into the tent by pulling up the canvas. 00:12:15.276 --> 00:12:18.404 When I got up in the morning, my boots were missing. 00:12:18.404 --> 00:12:21.490 I found only the small parts that hadn’t been eaten. 00:12:21.949 --> 00:12:24.618 I felt very bad. 00:12:26.370 --> 00:12:34.378 This happened if the boots were not put in a place where the dogs could not get at them. 00:12:34.837 --> 00:12:38.716 People had to remember to keep them in a secure place, away from the dogs. 00:12:38.716 --> 00:12:43.596 They can also be hung high outside. 00:12:45.556 --> 00:12:50.686 On this part of the boot, 00:12:50.686 --> 00:12:59.987 you could make many styles and designs on the top part of women boots, which have fur. 00:12:59.987 --> 00:13:04.950 The Inuit women up north did different styles. 00:13:04.950 --> 00:13:13.542 They had the grain of the fur facing down. 00:13:13.542 --> 00:13:17.379 As for the Cree, the grain always went sideways around the legging of the boots. 00:13:18.881 --> 00:13:21.592 This style was called ‘paamitiwaahtaakiniuu’ in Cree. 00:13:21.592 --> 00:13:28.349 For the men’s, the grain of the fur was downward, just like in the smaller pair. 00:13:30.935 --> 00:13:36.524 I am so happy that these boots are thawing out with the skin so soft. 00:13:36.607 --> 00:13:41.946 I think I will wear them right away. 00:13:42.780 --> 00:13:54.416 Later on at Fort George, we used to add a cloth lining on the legging part of the boots. 00:13:54.416 --> 00:14:05.010 A white cloth with no print on it so the sealskin did not show on the inside of the legging. 00:14:07.429 --> 00:14:12.268 The designs made by women on the top part of the mukluks were very beautiful 00:14:12.268 --> 00:14:18.858 with different colours of the fur cut and sewn. 00:14:18.858 --> 00:14:25.573 The inland people whose hunting grounds were to the east didn’t have access to the seal 00:14:25.573 --> 00:14:38.627 so they used to ask us, who hunted north on the coast, to make them waterproof footwear. 00:14:38.627 --> 00:14:50.848 Most of the Cree women knew how to make these beautiful boots and only a few did not. 00:14:51.348 --> 00:14:53.893 I remember back when I was a child, 00:14:53.893 --> 00:14:57.062 the inland women would come to my mother for sealskin footwear 00:14:57.062 --> 00:15:02.443 because they knew these boots kept your feet warm in the cold. 00:15:03.569 --> 00:15:12.953 These kind of boots are called ‘iischiimaau aschinh’ in Cree, meaning ‘Inuit boots’ 00:15:12.953 --> 00:15:21.503 and these are called ‘kaamiiukwaataashich-h, which means ‘sewn with fine stitches’. 00:15:21.503 --> 00:15:25.049 Women were happy to start sewing a new pair when the skin was soft and easy to work with. 00:15:25.049 --> 00:15:27.134 We used to dry the skin on a frame inside the dwelling. 00:15:27.134 --> 00:15:31.347 My mother taught me how to do this 00:15:31.347 --> 00:15:35.726 and she told me never to dry the sealskin outside in case it gets wet from the rain. 00:15:35.726 --> 00:15:39.229 This can cause the skin to be hard to sew for mukluks. 00:15:39.605 --> 00:15:43.317 Making the gatherings on the vamps 00:15:45.361 --> 00:15:49.740 is not easy to do if the sealskin is dried in direct sunlight. 00:15:50.032 --> 00:15:51.951 I always tried to follow her advice. 00:15:51.951 --> 00:15:57.039 As soon as the sealskin on the frame is dry, it should be unraveled from the frame. 00:15:58.457 --> 00:16:02.586 One of my granddaughters lives with us and she didn’t like the smell of sealskin. 00:16:04.088 --> 00:16:10.719 I paid no attention to her and still dried it in the house. 00:16:10.928 --> 00:16:14.556 If the boots are worn for a long time, this is how they look, 00:16:14.556 --> 00:16:18.560 or if a person walks with them for a long way. 00:16:18.560 --> 00:16:25.734 The black part of the skin comes off and later there can be holes in the sole. 00:16:25.734 --> 00:16:28.946 These are mended with sealskin. 00:16:28.946 --> 00:16:35.661 The whole sole can also be cut off and a new one sewn on. 00:16:36.036 --> 00:16:47.297 This part was never cut but later holes were made for the string to go through. 00:16:47.297 --> 00:16:55.305 These boots were the best footwear a child could wear. 00:16:57.391 --> 00:17:03.063 This pair were worn by my grandson when he had his Walking-Out Ceremony, 00:17:03.063 --> 00:17:06.442 he is now an adult. 00:17:06.817 --> 00:17:09.361 They look so cute and these have been borrowed many times 00:17:09.361 --> 00:17:11.739 for other children to wear at their Walking-Out Ceremony. 00:17:14.575 --> 00:17:17.953 My name was Nancy Scipio before I got married, 00:17:17.953 --> 00:17:22.708 but since I got married my name is Nancy Snowboy. 00:17:22.708 --> 00:17:24.752 I was also born on the island of Fort George. 00:17:25.044 --> 00:17:28.630 I will be talking about the seal as well. 00:17:29.381 --> 00:17:38.640 I will be talking about the fat and the seal meat we ate. 00:17:39.058 --> 00:17:45.064 We survived on the seal. 00:17:45.064 --> 00:17:54.031 The meat is cooked in many different ways like by an open fire, by boiling it, 00:17:54.031 --> 00:18:02.372 by making stir fry, making broth and then adding oats. 00:18:02.539 --> 00:18:05.209 These are different ways of cooking seal meat. 00:18:05.209 --> 00:18:08.921 So this is what I brought, the fat of the seal. 00:18:09.171 --> 00:18:12.382 After the seal has been skinned, 00:18:12.382 --> 00:18:21.683 this fat is cut off, which can be thin and sometimes very thick. 00:18:25.896 --> 00:18:47.584 The fat from the seal can also be medicinal for people with colds. 00:18:49.336 --> 00:18:52.548 To make seal oil, this is how it was done. 00:18:52.548 --> 00:19:00.222 To render the fat to make oil, it was cut like this. 00:19:00.222 --> 00:19:07.646 I will also show how it is cut for other uses. 00:19:07.646 --> 00:19:15.737 After it’s cut like this, it’s put in a pot and rendered like you do when making bear grease. 00:19:15.737 --> 00:19:22.744 After the fat is rendered, nothing else is added if the oil is going to be used for medicine. 00:19:22.744 --> 00:19:26.123 This is the way it turns out. 00:19:27.791 --> 00:19:29.751 This is the oil from the rendered fat. 00:19:29.751 --> 00:19:37.509 If a person has a bad cough from a cold and takes a spoonful of warm seal oil, 00:19:37.509 --> 00:19:44.600 it acts as an expectorant and rids the phlegm from the lungs easily. 00:19:44.600 --> 00:19:49.688 This is how medicinal the seal oil is. 00:19:50.022 --> 00:19:57.279 This oil can also be used to soften sealskin boots. 00:19:57.279 --> 00:20:07.247 The oil is absorbed into the hardened dry skin and makes them soft. 00:20:07.247 --> 00:20:14.880 The oil doesn’t stay on top of the dry skin but is absorbed deeply into the boot. 00:20:14.880 --> 00:20:20.052 Then the boots are easily handled and will get very soft. 00:20:20.719 --> 00:20:26.391 At this time, people have a great demand of this oil. 00:20:26.975 --> 00:20:32.231 For children with sores and scabs on their faces, 00:20:32.231 --> 00:20:39.363 caused by eczema, this oil is used to heal the skin. 00:20:39.363 --> 00:20:41.156 People have been asking me for it 00:20:41.156 --> 00:20:46.536 and I recently gave some to a person who wanted to try it on their child. 00:20:47.329 --> 00:20:55.545 I cannot remember the number of people I have given this oil to for this purpose. 00:20:55.545 --> 00:20:59.258 These people showed me the results of using this oil 00:20:59.258 --> 00:21:07.557 and the children had most of their eczema cleared up their faces. 00:21:07.557 --> 00:21:10.560 I gave them the directions on how to use it. 00:21:10.560 --> 00:21:21.196 I advised them to rub the oil on affected parts of the body after their child had fallen asleep. 00:21:21.196 --> 00:21:27.577 In the morning when your child wakes up, you can wash and dry off the places on which you used the oil. 00:21:27.577 --> 00:21:33.709 If you want to avoid using it during the day because of the smell, you can do the procedure at night. 00:21:33.709 --> 00:21:40.340 Wipe off the oil in the morning and add it again when the child is ready for bed. 00:21:40.340 --> 00:21:51.435 It’s better when the child is asleep and doesn’t rub it off when moving around before sleeping. 00:21:51.768 --> 00:21:55.397 That is one use of this oil. 00:21:55.397 --> 00:22:02.612 Another use for it is as a dip when eating meat, could be ptarmigan or other kinds of meat. 00:22:03.071 --> 00:22:10.537 In the past nothing was added to the oil, 00:22:11.163 --> 00:22:26.553 ‘aaspisinaaniwich’ is the term you use when you add something to the hot oil. 00:22:26.553 --> 00:22:40.567 What I add to the hot oil myself is Crisco shortening. 00:22:40.567 --> 00:22:45.030 The oil became light in colour and it tasted delicious. 00:22:47.157 --> 00:22:55.999 Another use is for healing impetigo anywhere on the body or head, 00:23:00.462 --> 00:23:10.222 and the way to cut the fat is into paper thin slices. 00:23:14.184 --> 00:23:26.196 Raw seal fat is used, not the rendered seal oil. 00:23:26.196 --> 00:23:33.120 The thin seal fat is put on directly on the impetigo 00:23:33.120 --> 00:23:39.835 and wrapped so it would stay in place. 00:23:41.211 --> 00:23:51.096 This procedure would be done frequently to heal the skin of its affliction of impetigo 00:23:51.096 --> 00:24:01.314 wherever on the body it might be. 00:24:01.314 --> 00:24:05.402 Usually the healing of the sores didn’t take too long with the use of seal fat. 00:24:05.402 --> 00:24:11.074 This was the only medicine the people could depend on for sores while out on the land. 00:24:11.658 --> 00:24:23.170 The seal fat doesn’t solidly freeze even if it’s kept in the freezer for a long time. 00:24:23.170 --> 00:24:29.926 Even when the fat is rendered the oil doesn’t freeze when put in the freezer. 00:24:29.926 --> 00:24:37.017 This was where this piece of fat was stored. 00:24:37.017 --> 00:24:41.730 It is slightly lighter on the top but it did not freeze, 00:24:41.730 --> 00:24:50.405 not like other oils that can freeze solid like the geese oil. 00:24:50.906 --> 00:25:01.875 In the past, our late fathers (I remember my father did) 00:25:01.875 --> 00:25:12.844 always dipped their meat in this oil, different kinds of meat including ptarmigan. 00:25:13.178 --> 00:25:20.435 Also when we still used dogteams, 00:25:22.270 --> 00:25:34.115 the husky dogs were very strong and healthy because this is what they were fed. 00:25:34.115 --> 00:25:40.288 See this piece of fat, this is how much one dog was fed in one day. 00:25:40.914 --> 00:25:51.216 With this amount of seal fat, the dogs were strong and healthy and beautiful. 00:25:52.884 --> 00:26:06.398 This was the only food they were given along with some seal meat. 00:26:06.398 --> 00:26:13.363 It was a hard job to get this kind of food, because the hunters had to go way out in the bay, 00:26:13.613 --> 00:26:17.742 to the water’s edge to procure the seals. 00:26:17.742 --> 00:26:21.329 The oil can also be used to make bannock 00:26:21.329 --> 00:26:35.677 and the bannock made this way with seal oil hardly ever froze when people were traveling. 00:26:35.677 --> 00:26:42.559 When using other types of oil, the bannock freezes solid. 00:26:42.559 --> 00:27:02.078 Also when you use freshly made seal oil to fry pancakes, they are very tasty. 00:27:02.537 --> 00:27:17.886 It’s also used for oil lamps and the seal fat can be used as is but had to be sliced very thin. 00:27:17.886 --> 00:27:30.732 In a round container, the fat was placed on the edges and the top part was lit. 00:27:30.732 --> 00:27:57.008 As the fat edge burned black it was patted down gently and the light would flare up again. 00:27:57.217 --> 00:28:14.275 This kind of light didn’t give off much smoke like other oils tend to do, a dark black smoke. 00:28:14.275 --> 00:28:20.156 People knew when their boots needed to be oiled for softness. 00:28:20.156 --> 00:28:25.120 People used to say, ‘nituupimaamikin mischisinh’ 00:28:25.120 --> 00:28:28.665 which means ‘my boots are telling me they need to be rubbed with oil.’ 00:28:28.665 --> 00:28:33.086 After rubbing the boots with seal oil, the oil was absorbed quickly into the dry hard sealskin. 00:28:34.212 --> 00:28:41.720 Then the person would say, ‘naashtwaah chiih wiih muupimaamikihtaawaakupinh nimischisinh’, 00:28:42.554 --> 00:28:45.557 and would keep putting more oil. 00:28:45.557 --> 00:28:50.061 People knew well when their footwear needed to be oiled. 00:28:51.396 --> 00:28:55.775 When their boots dried hard, 00:28:55.775 --> 00:29:06.661 the person would rub seal oil on their footwear so the softness would come back. 00:29:06.661 --> 00:29:42.572 This oil looks like the oil you buy at the store, but this oil hardly freezes. 00:29:45.325 --> 00:29:48.328 I just took this out of the freezer before I came over. 00:29:48.328 --> 00:29:56.753 It was not frozen solid even if it has been in the freezer for a long time. 00:29:57.629 --> 00:30:03.009 When I get home, I will place it back in the freezer again. 00:30:03.510 --> 00:30:20.109 There are many uses of the seal, food and clothing, footwear, pants, 00:30:20.109 --> 00:30:27.992 men wear pants of sealskin, both Inuit and Cree. 00:30:27.992 --> 00:30:32.330 There are also leggings made of sealskin for warmth in cold weather. 00:30:32.330 --> 00:30:41.172 The leggings were worn to keep the middle part of the body warm, the thighs 00:30:41.172 --> 00:30:47.387 and went midway down the leg and held up with string to the waist. 00:30:47.387 --> 00:30:59.315 Also a short inner boot was worn inside the mukluks. 00:31:01.109 --> 00:31:10.660 All the things I make, I did not rely on anyone to teach how to do them. 00:31:10.660 --> 00:31:16.749 I did not have a mother to teach me. 00:31:16.749 --> 00:31:28.887 I learned by observation and trying to create things on my own.